A deictic utterance is such that the question of what the referent(s) are of the utterance isn’t possible to answer without knowing:

1. Who said the words to whom
2. And/or where the speaker was, and/or where the listener was
3. And/or when the words were said

For example: “I ate here yesterday.” Without knowing who said the words, there’s no way to know who “I” is. Without knowing where the words were said, there’s no way to know where “here” is. And without knowing when the words were said, there’s no way to know when “yesterday” was.

Put differently, there’s:

1. The speaker of the utterance
2. The listener of the utterance
3. The location in space of the speaker
4. The location in space of the listener
5. The location in time of the speaker and the listener

If we can refer to the speaker (i.e., the so-called “1st person”), and we can refer to the listener (i.e., the so-called “2nd person”), then we can also refer to he who’s neither the speaker nor the listener (i.e., the so-called “3rd person”), for that’s just a negation of the foregoing. And if we can refer to the location in space of the speaker, then we can refer to the thing that’s near that location. Same for the 2nd and 3rd person.

Thus, there’s:

1. The speaker (e.g., “I,” “me”)
2. The listener (e.g., “you”)
3. Neither the speaker nor the listener (e.g., “he,” “she”)
4. Something near the speaker (e.g., これ)
5. Something near the listener (e.g., それ)
6. Something near neither the speaker nor the listener (e.g., あれ)
7. Where the speaker is (e.g., ここ)
8. Where the listener is (e.g., そこ)
9. Somewhere away from both the speaker and listener (e.g., あそこ)
10. The past with respect to the utterance
11. The present with respect to the utterance
12. The future with respect to the utterance